In normal operation mode, lead-acid batteries are generally in which state?

In normal operation mode, lead-acid batteries are typically in the float state. This condition occurs when the battery is fully charged and connected to a charger that maintains the battery at a specific voltage. The float charging voltage is lower than the bulk charging voltage, minimizing the risk of overcharging while keeping the battery at a ready-to-use state.

By being in float, the battery continuously receives a small amount of current that compensates for self-discharge, ensuring it remains fully charged without the hazards associated with overcharging. This state is vital for applications where lead-acid batteries are used as backup power sources, allowing for immediate access to energy when required, without risking the degradation of the battery's lifespan.

Other states like charging or discharging indicate different operational scenarios that are not typical for normal operation when the battery is not actively being used or loaded. Maintenance, while important, refers more to the care and upkeep of battery health rather than its operational status.